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PRIVATISIERUNG VON BILDUNG
Bildung wird jetzt sicher ein Thema am GATS-Verhandlungstisch!
Die Forderungen der USA zur Liberalisierung im Bildungsektor sind nun durchgesickert.
Es überrascht eigentlich wenig, dass die USA nun auch weitreichende Liberalisierungsforderungen im Bildungsbereich gestellt haben. Kritische Beobachter haben das bereits am 17.April vorausgesehen, nachdem der umfassenden EU-Forderungskatalog an die USA von ATTAC aufgedeckt wurde.
Es war klar, dass die USA reagieren würden, auch wenn sich die Forderungen im Bildungsbereich nur auf privat finanzierte höheren Bildung beschränkte. Dies ist sicher auch ein Grund dafür, dass von Seiten der Europäischen Kommission versucht wurde ihre Forderung geheim zu halten, damit es nicht zu unangenehmen öffentlichen Diskussionen kommen könne, die den Liberalisierungsprozess gefährden. Nun ist aber entgegen zahlreicher Beteuerungen, dass es nicht zu Verhandlungen ums Bildungswesen kommen würde, klar dass Bildung sogar einer der zentralsten Punkte auf der Tagesordnung sein wird. Außerdem hat die USA zusätzlich noch angesprochen, dass sie die Gebührenfreiheit als eine indirekte Form von Subventionen betrachten. Damit bestätigen sie die schlimmste Befürchtung der GATS KritikerInnen, dass für private Bildungseinrichtungen durch die GATS Bestimmungen Zuschüsse in selber Höhe wie für öffentliche eingeklagt werden könnten.
Unten das kürzlich bekannt gewordene Papier über die Forderungen der USA im Bildungsbereich:
US DEMANDS HIGHER EDUCATION IN GATS NEGOTIATIONS
Below is the formal request the USA is asking for under Education and Training Services.~ The impact would be to open up these services where they are still publicly delivered and to lock in permanently privatization in countries that have liberalized under IMF/World Bank conditionality.~ Please note that under full commitments, governments must give subsidies to foreign education corporations on the same basis as they do to local, public institutions.
In all likelihood, the US is making the same request under the FTAA services negotiations.
EDUCATION AND TRAINING SERVICES (HIGHER EDUCATION, ADULT EDUCATION AND OTHER)
Definition
Higher education includes all tertiary education (i.e., education beyond secondary education), including degree courses taken for college or university credits or non-degree courses taken for personal edification or pleasure or to upgrade work-related skills.~ Such education and training services can be provided in institutional settings, such as universities or schools, or outside of traditional settings, including workplaces, homes, or elsewhere.
The U.S. requests on education also include adult education and »other« education, as well as training services and educational testing services.~ Training services are very similar to education services, but training courses are generally less theoretical and more job-related than academic courses, often requiring hands-on operation of tools, equipment and certain devices.~ Educational testing services include designing and administering tests, as well as evaluating results.~ These services are a fundamental and essential part of the learning process, used to evaluate the student as well as the course material.
Checklist:
In GATS W/120, higher education is classified in section 5C, adult education in section 5D and »other« education in section 5E.~ Training services are classifiable in the same categories.~ In CPC, education and training services are classifiable in sections 923, 924, and 929.~ Educational testing services may be covered as business services in technical testing (W/120 1Fe), as well as under educational services.~~ CPC 86769 covers »other« testing services.
Market Access and National Treatment
Members who have not already done so are requested to provide full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services (as defined above), for adult education, and for »other« education.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Special Requests of Individual Countries:
Argentina:~ Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Brazil:~ Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Canada: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Chile: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
China: Remove ban on education services provided by foreign companies and organizations via satellite networks.~ Remove requirements for foreign educational institutions to partner with Chinese universities.~ Remove ban on for-profit operations in education and training services.~ Relax other operational limits and restrictions on geographic scope of activities. Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Chinese Taipei:~ Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education. Remove nationality requirements for certain executives and directors of educational institutions.
Costa Rica:~ Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Czech Republic: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Egypt: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education. Remove ownership limitations on joint ventures with local partners.
El Salvador:~ Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education. Remove prohibition on joint ventures with local partners.~
EU Member States:~ Assure that EU commitments on education apply to all Member States.~ Undertake further commitments to provide market access and national treatment for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
EU-Greece: Remove restriction that the granting of degrees is limited to Greek institutions only.~ Recognize degrees issued by accredited institutions of higher education (including those issued by branch campuses of accredited institutions); and adopt a policy of transparency in government licensing and accrediting policy with respect to higher education and training.
EU-Italy:~ Remove requirement in Italy that foreign entities teach only non-national students.
EU-Ireland: Remove quantitative limitation of educational institutions in Ireland.
EU-Spain: Adopt a policy of transparency in government licensing and accrediting policy with respect to higher education and training.
EU-Sweden: Adopt a policy of transparency in government licensing and accrediting policy with respect to higher education and training.
Hong Kong-China: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Hungary: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
India: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education. Remove ownership limitations on joint ventures with local partners.
Indonesia: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Israel: Recognize degrees issued by accredited institutions of higher education (including those issued by branch campuses of accredited institutions); and adopt a policy of transparency in government licensing and accrediting policy with respect to higher education and training.~ Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non- governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Japan: Recognize degrees issued by accredited institutions of higher education (including those issued by branch campuses of accredited institutions); and adopt a policy of transparency in government licensing and accrediting policy with respect to higher education and training. Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Korea: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Malaysia: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Mexico:~ Remove ownership limitations on joint ventures with local partners.~ Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non- governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Morocco: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Pakistan: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Philippines: Remove ownership limitations on joint ventures with local partners.~ Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Poland: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Singapore: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
South Africa: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education. Remove burdensome requirements, including non-transparent needs tests, applicable to foreign universities operating, or seeking to operate, in South Africa.
Thailand:~ remove ownership limitations on joint ventures with local partners. Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non- governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Tunisia: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Turkey: Remove requirement that foreign entities teach only non-national students. Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Uruguay: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
Venezuela: Undertake full commitments for market access and national treatment in modes 1,2, and 3 for higher education and training services, for adult education, and for »other« education, and for testing services.~ Consistent with the commitments, countries remain free to review and assess higher education and training, by governmental or non-governmental means, and to cooperate with other countries, for purposes of assuring quality education.
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